There was no "stock" native email client in Windows 7, you may be talking about Live Mail, which I believe was part of Windows Essentials and I believe (could be wrong) still works in Windows 10. In any event as I recall Live Mail kept cloud storage very similar to Hotmail.com and outlook.com so it may be just a matter of adding that old account into your Windows 10 mail client.
Worse case.... they may still be in your Windows.OLD folder.
As far as adding new folders into the new mail app.... not very handy so far along with some other features like trying to select all when you want to delete stuff.
You can do it online at (e-mail address removed) or Hotmail.com whichever you are using. You can add and delete new folders on line and they will show up on your computer in the mail app.
It's all about the cloud.... whether we like it or not I guess.
Well, this is a very old post but very full of misinformation (!) YES, there was definitely an email client internal to Windows 7 called Windows Live Mail and I am still using it while I try to find some decent email client instead of the current crop of junk so-called-Outlook stuff. And heavens NO, the Live Mail had no "Cloud" relationship of any kind. Experienced users of the REAL Outlook years ago would turn in their graves to see what gets called Outlook today. If Live Mail was part of Essentials, so? That was integral to pre-loaded Windows 7 on my PC in 2012. [I just installed a new Win 10 HP machine 1/13/20.] The new MAIL app in Win 10 is so feeble I uninstalled it after a couple days trial. The "pay-extra via Office 365" Outlook is very nearly as offensive with an identical interface to MAIL. It does use a .pst file like the real Outlook once did but the resemblance ends there. No ordinary user can Import or Export anything. It is aimed at tying you into cloud-based garbage. You have NO CHOICE as to where your INBOX exists or whether your messages get left on the server or not (!) Just a big cluster jerk. One local user THINKS his messages are left on his server but no way to find out and no settings to use to direct that feature. On and on.
Do Not Confuse the many so-called OUTLOOK things out there. Today's Outlook.Live for example bears no resemblance at all to Live Mail.
"It's all about the cloud" over my dead body. Cloud features will be disabled, uninstalled or removed ...one way or the other.
I am in the market for a way to load Win Mail, Live Mail or any sane email client into a Win 10 platform. Even a 20 year old copy of the real Outlook would be a huge luxury! (If it will load into Win 10 environs.)